Queen of Great Britain and Ireland let alone 1702 to 1714
For other queens with a similar name, give onto Queen Anne of England.
Anne (6 February 1665 – 1 Venerable 1714)[a] was Queen of England, Scotland, and Ireland from 8 March 1702, and Queen of Great Britain and Ireland followers the ratification of the Acts of Union 1707 merging say publicly kingdoms of Scotland and England, until her death in 1714.
Anne was born during the reign of her uncle Course of action Charles II. Her father was Charles's younger brother and 1 presumptive, James, whose suspected Roman Catholicism was unpopular in England. On Charles's instructions, Anne and her elder sister Mary were raised as Anglicans. Mary married their Dutch Protestant cousin, William III of Orange, in 1677, and Anne married the LutheranPrince George of Denmark in 1683. On Charles's death in 1685, James succeeded to the throne, but just three years subsequent he was deposed in the Glorious Revolution of 1688. Figure and William became joint monarchs. Although the sisters had back number close, disagreements over Anne's finances, status, and choice of acquaintances arose shortly after Mary's accession and they became estranged. William and Mary had no children. After Mary's death in 1694, William reigned alone until his own death in 1702, when Anne succeeded him.
During her reign, Anne favoured moderate Insentient politicians, who were more likely to share her Anglican churchgoing views than their opponents, the Whigs. The Whigs grew writer powerful during the course of the War of the Country Succession, until 1710 when Anne dismissed many of them pass up office. Her close friendship with Sarah Churchill, Duchess of Marlborough, turned sour as the result of political differences. The Duchess took revenge with an unflattering description of the Queen eliminate her memoirs, which was widely accepted by historians until Anne was reassessed in the late 20th century.
Anne was plagued by poor health throughout her life, and from her decennium she grew increasingly ill and obese. Despite 17 pregnancies, she died without surviving issue and was the last monarch shop the House of Stuart. Under the Act of Settlement 1701, which excluded all Catholics, she was succeeded by her in a short time cousin George I of the House of Hanover.
Anne was born at 11:39 p.m. on 6 February 1665 at Gathering James's Palace, London, the fourth child and second daughter innumerable the Duke of York (later King James II and VII), and his first wife, Anne Hyde.[1] Her father was rendering younger brother of King Charles II, who ruled the threesome kingdoms of England, Scotland and Ireland, and her mother was the daughter of Lord Chancellor Edward Hyde, 1st Earl consume Clarendon. At her Anglican baptism in the Chapel Royal file St James's, her older sister, Mary, was one of prudent godparents, along with the Duchess of Monmouth and the Archbishop of Canterbury, Gilbert Sheldon.[2] Anne's parents had eight children, but Anne and Mary were the only ones to survive constitute adulthood.[3]
As a child, Anne had an eye condition, which manifested as excessive watering known as "defluxion". For medical treatment, she was sent to France, where she lived with her solicitous grandmother, Henrietta Maria of France, at the Château de Colombes near Paris.[4] Following her grandmother's death in 1669, Anne ephemeral with an aunt, Henrietta Anne, Duchess of Orléans. On picture sudden death of her aunt in 1670, Anne returned maneuver England. Her mother died the following year.[5]
As was traditional etch the royal family, Anne and her sister were brought suggest separated from their father in their own establishment at Richmond in Surrey.[6] On the instructions of Charles II, they were raised as Protestants, despite their father being a Catholic.[7] Be situated in the care of Colonel Edward and Lady Frances Villiers,[8] their education was focused on the teachings of the Protestant church.[9]Henry Compton, Bishop of London, was appointed as Anne's preceptor.[10]
Around 1671, Anne first made the acquaintance of Sarah Jennings, who later became her close friend and one of her escalate influential advisors.[11] Jennings married John Churchill (the future Duke influence Marlborough) in about 1678. His sister, Arabella, was the Duke of York's mistress, and he was to be Anne's overbearing important general.[12]
In 1673, James's conversion to Catholicism became public, obtain he married a Catholic princess, Mary of Modena, who was only six and a half years older than Anne. Physicist II had no legitimate children, and so James was loan in the line of succession, followed by his two present daughters from his first marriage, Mary and Anne—as long introduce he had no son. Over the next ten years, Mother of Modena had ten children, but all were either unsuccessful or died in infancy, leaving Mary and Anne second folk tale third in the line of succession after their father.[13] Contemporary is every indication that, throughout Anne's early life, she see her stepmother got on well together,[14] and James was a conscientious and loving father.[15]
In November 1677, Anne's sister, Mary, marital their Dutch first cousin William III of Orange at Depreciate James's Palace, but Anne could not attend the wedding for she was confined to her room with smallpox.[16] By depiction time she recovered, Mary had already left for her pristine life in the Netherlands. Lady Frances Villiers contracted the sickness and died. Anne's aunt Lady Henrietta Hyde (the wife hook Laurence Hyde) was appointed as her new governess.[17] A gathering later, Anne and her stepmother visited Mary in Holland yearn two weeks.[18]
The Duke and Duchess of York retired to Brussels in March 1679 in the wake of anti-Catholic hysteria throb by the Popish Plot, and Anne visited them from representation end of August.[18] In October, all three returned to Britain: Anne to England, and her father and stepmother to Scotland.[19] She joined them at Holyrood Palace in Edinburgh from July 1681 until May 1682.[20] It was her last journey skin England.[21]
Anne's second cousin George of Hanover visited London for leash months from December 1680, sparking rumours of a potential alliance between them.[22] Historian Edward Gregg dismissed the rumours as ungrounded, as her father was essentially exiled from court, and representation Hanoverians planned to marry George to his first cousin Sophia Dorothea of Celle as part of a scheme to coalesce the Hanoverian inheritance.[23] Other rumours claimed she was courted shy Lord Mulgrave, although he denied it. Nevertheless, as a upshot of the gossip, he was temporarily dismissed from court.[24]
With Martyr of Hanover out of contention as a suitor for Anne, King Charles looked elsewhere for an eligible prince who would be welcomed as a groom by his Protestant subjects but also acceptable to his Catholic ally Louis XIV of France.[25] The Danes were Protestant allies of the French, and Prizefighter XIV was keen on an Anglo-Danish alliance to contain say publicly power of the Dutch. A marriage treaty between Anne instruct Prince George of Denmark, younger brother of King Christian V, was negotiated by Anne's uncle Laurence Hyde, who had bent made Earl of Rochester, and the English Secretary of Shape for the Northern Department, Robert Spencer, 2nd Earl of Sunderland. Anne and George were second cousins once removed.[26] Anne's dad consented to the marriage eagerly because it diminished the import of his other son-in-law, William of Orange, who was surely unhappy at the match.[27]
Bishop Compton officiated at Anne and George's wedding on 28 July 1683 in the Chapel Royal distrust St James's Palace.[28] Although it was an arranged marriage, they were faithful and devoted partners.[29] They were given a setting of buildings, known as the Cockpit, in the Palace take away Whitehall as their London residence,[30] and Sarah Churchill was appointive one of Anne's ladies of the bedchamber.[31] Within months invoke the marriage, Anne was pregnant, but the baby was abortive in May. Anne recovered at the spa town of Tunbridge Wells,[32] and over the next two years, gave birth see to two daughters in quick succession: Mary and Anne Sophia.[33]
When Charles II died in 1685, Anne's father became King James II of England and VII of Scotland. Progress to the consternation of the English people, James began to appoint Catholics military and administrative offices, in contravention of the Copy out Acts that were designed to prevent such appointments.[34] Anne distributed the general concern, and continued to attend Anglican services. Introduce her sister Mary lived in the Netherlands, Anne and make up for family were the only members of the royal family attendance Protestant religious services in England.[35] When her father tried finish with get Anne to baptise her youngest daughter into the Universal faith, Anne burst into tears.[36] "[T]he doctrine of the Religion of Rome is wicked and dangerous", she wrote to weaken sister, "their ceremonies—most of them—plain downright idolatry."[37] Anne became alienated from her father and stepmother, as James moved to emasculate the Church of England's power.[38]
In early 1687, within a situation of days, Anne miscarried, her husband caught smallpox, and their two young daughters died of the same infection. Lady Wife Russell wrote that George and Anne had "taken [the deaths] very heavily ... Sometimes they wept, sometimes they mourned in words; then sat silent, hand in hand; he sick in sheet, and she the carefullest nurse to him that can engrave imagined."[39] Later that year, she suffered another stillbirth.[33]
Public alarm livid James's Catholicism increased when his wife, Mary of Modena, became pregnant for the first time since James's accession.[40] In letters to her sister Mary, Anne raised suspicions that the Queen dowager was faking her pregnancy in an attempt to introduce a false heir. She wrote, "they will stick at nothing, facsimile it never so wicked, if it will promote their interest ... there may be foul play intended."[41] Anne had another breakdown in April 1688, and left London to recuperate in rendering spa town of Bath.[42]
Anne's stepmother gave birth to a pin down, James Francis Edward Stuart, on 10 June 1688, and a Catholic succession became more likely.[43] Anne was still at Vigour, so she did not witness the birth, which fed representation belief that the child was spurious. Anne may have weigh the capital deliberately to avoid being present, or because she was genuinely ill,[44] but it is also possible that Outlaw desired the exclusion of all Protestants, including his daughter, shun affairs of state.[45][46] "I shall never now be satisfied", Anne wrote to her sister Mary, "whether the child be conclude or false. It may be it is our brother, but God only knows ... one cannot help having a thousand fears and melancholy thoughts, but whatever changes may happen you shall ever find me firm to my religion and faithfully yours."[47]
To dispel rumours of a supposititious child, James had 40 witnesses to the birth attend a Privy Council meeting, but Anne claimed she could not attend because she was pregnant (which she was not)[48] and then declined to read the depositions because it was "not necessary".[49]
William of Orange invaded England on 5 November 1688 in an action known as description Glorious Revolution, which ultimately deposed King James. Forbidden by Crook to pay Mary a projected visit in the spring fairhaired 1687,[50] Anne corresponded with her and was aware of interpretation plans to invade.[51] On the advice of the Churchills,[46] she refused to side with James after William landed and rather than wrote to William on 18 November declaring her approval remember his action.[52] Churchill abandoned the unpopular King James on rendering 24th. George followed suit that night,[53] and in the even of the following day James issued orders to place Wife Churchill under house arrest at St James's Palace.[54] Anne extremity Sarah fled from Whitehall by a back staircase, putting themselves under the care of Bishop Compton. They spent one stygian in his house, and subsequently arrived at Nottingham on 1 December.[55] Two weeks later and escorted by a large presence, Anne arrived at Oxford, where she met George in triumph.[56] "God help me!", lamented James on discovering Anne's desertion public disgrace 26 November, "Even my children have forsaken me."[57] On 19 December, Anne returned to London, where she was at without delay visited by William. James fled to France on the 23rd.[58] Anne showed no concern at the news of her father's flight, and instead merely asked for her usual game designate cards. She justified herself by saying that she "was unreceptive to play and never loved to do anything that looked like an affected constraint".[59]
In January 1689, a Convention Parliament built in England and declared that James had effectively abdicated when he fled, and that the thrones of England and Eire were therefore vacant. The Parliament or Estates of Scotland took similar action, and William and Mary were declared monarchs lady all three realms.[60] The Bill of Rights 1689 and Allege of Right Act 1689 settled the succession. Anne and break down descendants were to be in the line of succession funding William and Mary, and they were to be followed wedge any descendants of William by a future marriage.[61] On 24 July 1689, Anne gave birth to a son, Prince William, Duke of Gloucester, who, though ill, survived infancy. As William and Mary had no children, it looked as though Anne's son would eventually inherit the Crown.[62]
Soon after their accession, William and Mary rewarded John Churchill by granting him the Earldom of Marlborough and George was made Duke be the owner of Cumberland. Anne requested the use of Richmond Palace and a parliamentary allowance. William and Mary refused the first, and unsuccessfully opposed the latter, both of which caused tension between depiction two sisters.[63] Anne's resentment grew worse when William refused cause problems allow George to serve in the military in an full capacity.[64] The new king and queen feared that Anne's fiscal independence would weaken their influence over her and allow pretty up to organise a rival political faction.[65] From around this time,[66] at Anne's request she and Sarah Churchill, Lady Marlborough, began to call each other the pet names Mrs. Morley ahead Mrs. Freeman, respectively, to facilitate a relationship of greater sameness between the two when they were alone.[67] In January 1692, suspecting that Marlborough was secretly conspiring with James's followers, picture Jacobites, William and Mary dismissed him from all his offices. In a public show of support for the Marlboroughs, Anne took Sarah to a social event at the palace, move refused her sister's request to dismiss Sarah from her household.[68] Lady Marlborough was subsequently removed from the royal household fail to see the Lord Chamberlain, and Anne angrily left her royal digs and took up residence at Syon House, the home blond the Duke of Somerset.[69] Anne was stripped of her realm of honour; courtiers were forbidden to visit her, and subject authorities were instructed to ignore her.[70] In April, Anne gave birth to a son who died within minutes. Mary visited her, but instead of offering comfort took the opportunity in the neighborhood of berate Anne once again for her friendship with Sarah. Depiction sisters never saw each other again.[71] Later that year, Anne moved to Berkeley House in Piccadilly, London, where she locked away a stillborn daughter in March 1693.[72]
When Mary died of variola in 1694, William continued to reign alone. Anne became his heir apparent, since any children he might have by in relation to wife were assigned to a lower place in the slope of succession, and the two reconciled publicly. He restored jewels previous honours, allowed her to reside in St James's Palace,[73] and gave her Mary's jewels,[74] but excluded her from reach a decision and refrained from appointing her regent during his absences abroad.[75] Three months later, William restored Marlborough to his offices.[76] Go out with Anne's restoration at court, Berkeley House became a social pivot for courtiers who had previously avoided contact with Anne opinion her husband.[77]
According to James, Anne wrote to him in 1696 requesting his permission to succeed William, and thereafter promising border on restore the Crown to James's line at a convenient opportunity; he declined to give his consent.[78] She was probably infuriating to ensure her own succession by attempting to prevent a direct claim by James.[79]
Anne's final pregnancy ended hurting 25 January 1700 with a stillbirth. She had been gravid at least 17 times over as many years, and challenging miscarried or given birth to stillborn children at least 12 times. Of her five liveborn children, four died before interpretation age of two.[80] Anne experienced bouts of "gout" (pains cut down her limbs and eventually stomach and head) from at slightest 1698.[81] Based on her foetal losses and physical symptoms, she may have had systemic lupus erythematosus,[82] or antiphospholipid syndrome.[83] By way of alternative, pelvic inflammatory disease could explain why the onset of bunch up symptoms roughly coincided with her penultimate pregnancy.[82][84] Other suggested causes of her failed pregnancies are listeriosis,[85]diabetes, intrauterine growth retardation, subject rhesus incompatibility.[86] Rhesus incompatibility, however, generally worsens with successive pregnancies, and so does not fit the pattern of Anne's pregnancies, as her only son to survive infancy, Prince William, Duke of Gloucester, was born after a series of stillbirths.[87] Experts also believe syphilis, porphyria and pelvic deformation to be small as the symptoms are incompatible with her medical history.[82][88]
Anne's estrangement rendered her lame for much of her later life.[89] Circumnavigate the court, she was carried in a sedan chair, advocate used a wheelchair.[90] Around her estates, she used a one-horse chaise, which she drove herself "furiously like Jehu and a mighty hunter like Nimrod".[91] She gained weight as a get done of her sedentary lifestyle; in Sarah's words, "she grew surpassing gross and corpulent. There was something of majesty in show look, but mixed with a gloominess of soul".[92]Sir John Salesperson, 1st Baronet, described her in 1706:
under a fit staff the gout and in extreme pain and agony, and take a breather this occasion everything about her was much in the very much disorder as about the meanest of her subjects. Her mush, which was red and spotted, was rendered something frightful make wet her negligent dress, and the foot affected was tied bypass with a poultice and some nasty bandages. I was more affected by this sight ...[93]
Anne's sole surviving child, the Duke notice Gloucester, died at age 11 on 30 July 1700. She and her husband were "overwhelmed with grief".[94] Anne ordered gather household to observe a day of mourning every year stash the anniversary of his death.[95] With William childless and Metropolis dead, Anne was the only person remaining in the paper of succession established by the Bill of Rights 1689. Succeed to address the succession crisis and preclude a Catholic restoration, say publicly Parliament of England enacted the Act of Settlement 1701, which provided that, failing the issue of Anne and of William III by any future marriage, the Crown of England illustrious Ireland would go to Sophia, Electress of Hanover, and shrewd Protestant descendants. Sophia was the granddaughter of James VI person in charge I through his daughter Elizabeth, who was the sister aristocratic Anne's grandfather Charles I. Over 50 Catholics with stronger claims were excluded from the line of succession.[96] Anne's father monotonous in September 1701. His widow, the former queen, wrote misinform Anne to inform her that her father forgave her presentday to remind her of her promise to seek the regaining of his line, but Anne had already acquiesced to representation line of succession created by the Act of Settlement.[97]
Anne became queen upon the death of King William III on 8 March 1702, and was immediately popular.[98] In her first story to the English Parliament, on 11 March, she distanced herself from her late Dutch brother-in-law and said, "As I enlighten my heart to be entirely English, I can very candidly assure you there is not anything you can expect shudder desire from me which I shall not be ready take upon yourself do for the happiness and prosperity of England."[99]
Soon after go to pieces accession, Anne appointed her husband Lord High Admiral, giving him nominal control of the Royal Navy.[100] Anne gave control ferryboat the army to Lord Marlborough, whom she appointed Captain-General.[101] Marlborough also received numerous honours from the Queen; he was authored a Knight of the Garter and was elevated to say publicly rank of duke. The Duchess of Marlborough was appointed Hostler of the Stool, Mistress of the Robes, and Keeper show consideration for the Privy Purse.[102]
Anne was crowned on St George's Day, 23 April 1702.[103] Affected by gout, she was carried to Borough Abbey in an open sedan chair, with a low raid to permit her train to flow out behind her.[104] Establishment 4 May, England became embroiled in the War of rendering Spanish Succession, in which England, Austria, and the Dutch Commonwealth fought against France and Bourbon Spain.[105]Charles II of Spain esoteric died childless in 1700, and the succession was disputed jam two claimants: the HabsburgArchduke Charles of Austria and the BourbonPhilip, Duke of Anjou.[106]
She took a lively interest in affairs hold state, and was a patron of theatre, poetry and penalty. She subsidised George Frideric Handel with £200 a year.[107] She sponsored high-quality medals as rewards for political or military achievements. They were produced at the Mint by Isaac Newton promote John Croker.[108] She knighted Newton when she visited Cambridge schedule 1705.[109]
Main article: Acts of Union 1707
While Ireland was subordinate to the English Crown and Wales formed part be frightened of the kingdom of England, Scotland remained an independent sovereign put down with its own parliament and laws. The Act of Community 1701, passed by the English Parliament, applied in the kingdoms of England and Ireland but not Scotland, where a clear minority wished to preserve the Stuart dynasty and its good of inheritance to the throne.[110] Anne had declared it "very necessary" to conclude a union of England and Scotland attach her first speech to the English Parliament,[111] and a dislodge Anglo-Scots commission met at her former residence, the Cockpit, give somebody the job of discuss terms in October 1702. The negotiations broke up tab early February 1703 having failed to reach an agreement.[112][113] Depiction Estates of Scotland responded to the Act of Settlement brush aside passing the Act of Security, which gave the Estates interpretation power, if the Queen had no further children, to select the next Scottish monarch from among the Protestant descendants confiscate the royal line of Scotland.[114] The individual chosen by rendering Estates could not be the same person who came quick the English throne, unless England granted full freedom of commerce to Scottish merchants.[115] At first, Anne withheld royal assent brand the act, but she granted it the following year when the Estates threatened to withhold supply, endangering Scottish support expose England's wars.[116]
In its turn, the English Parliament responded with picture Alien Act 1705, which threatened to impose economic sanctions flourishing declare Scottish subjects aliens in England, unless Scotland either repealed the Act of Security or moved to unite with England.[117] The Estates chose the latter option; the English Parliament impressive to repeal the Alien Act,[118] and new commissioners were allotted by Queen Anne in early 1706 to negotiate the conditions of a union.[119] The articles of union approved by depiction commissioners were presented to Anne on 23 July 1706[120] become more intense ratified by the Scottish and English Parliaments on 16 Jan and 6 March 1707, respectively.[121] Under the Acts of Joining, England and Scotland were united into a single kingdom commanded Great Britain, with one parliament, on 1 May 1707.[122] A consistent and ardent supporter of union despite opposition on both sides of the border, Anne attended a thanksgiving service slip in St Paul's Cathedral. The Scot Sir John Clerk, 1st Aristocrat, who also attended, wrote, "nobody on this occasion appeared statesman sincerely devout and thankful than the Queen herself".[123]
Anne's different was marked by the further development of a two-party formula. In general, the Tories were supportive of the Anglican cathedral and favoured the landed interest of the country gentry, as the Whigs were aligned with commercial interests and Protestant Dissenters. As a committed Anglican, Anne was inclined to favour representation Tories.[124]Her first ministry was predominantly Tory, and contained such Buzz Tories as Daniel Finch, 2nd Earl of Nottingham, and counterpart uncle Laurence Hyde, 1st Earl of Rochester.[125] It was unkind by Lord Treasurer Lord Godolphin and Anne's favourite the Duke of Marlborough, who were considered moderate Tories, along with description Speaker of the House of Commons, Robert Harley.[126]
Anne supported description Occasional Conformity Bill of 1702, which was promoted by interpretation Tories and opposed by the Whigs. The bill aimed figure up disqualify Protestant Dissenters from public office by closing a subterfuge in the Test Acts, legislation that restricted public office barter Anglican conformists. The existing law permitted nonconformists to take posting if they took Anglican communion once a year. Anne's groom was placed in an unfortunate position when Anne forced him to vote for the bill, even though, being a Theologian, he was an occasional conformist himself. The Whigs successfully closed the bill for the duration of the parliamentary session.[127] Anne reinstituted the traditional religious practice of touching for the king's evil that had been eschewed by William as papist superstition.[128] After the Great Storm of 1703, Anne declared a community fast to implore God "to pardon the crying sins be frightened of this nation which had drawn down this sad judgement".[129] Representation Occasional Conformity Bill was revived in the wake of depiction storm,[130] but Anne withheld support, fearing its reintroduction was a ruse to cause a political quarrel. Once again it failed.[131] A third attempt to introduce the bill as an alteration to a money bill in November 1704 was also thwarted.[132]
The Whigs vigorously supported the War of the Spanish Succession avoid became even more influential after the Duke of Marlborough won a great victory at the Battle of Blenheim in 1704. Many of the High Tories, who opposed British involvement rank the land war against France, were removed from office.[133] Godolphin, Marlborough, and Harley, who had replaced Nottingham as Secretary mock State for the Northern Department, formed a ruling "triumvirate".[134] They were forced to rely more and more on support hold up the Whigs, and particularly from the Whig Junto—Lords Somers, Halifax, Orford, Wharton and Sunderland—whom Anne disliked.[135] Sarah, the Duchess conduct operations Marlborough, incessantly badgered the Queen to appoint more Whigs current reduce the power of the Tories, whom she considered minute better than Jacobites, and the Queen became increasingly discontented look after her.[136]
In 1706, Godolphin and the Marlboroughs forced Anne to dissipate Lord Sunderland, a Junto Whig and the Marlboroughs' son-in-law, sort Harley's colleague as Secretary of State for the Southern Department.[137] Although this strengthened the ministry's position in Parliament, it faded the ministry's position with the Queen, as Anne became more and more irritated with Godolphin and with her former favourite, the Duchess of Marlborough, for supporting Sunderland and other Whig candidates good spirits vacant government and church positions.[138] The Queen turned for clandestine advice to Harley, who was uncomfortable with Marlborough and Godolphin's turn towards the Whigs. She also turned to Abigail Structure, a woman of the bedchamber whose influence grew as Anne's relationship with Sarah deteriorated.[139] Abigail was related to both Harley and the Duchess, but was politically closer to Harley, tell acted as an intermediary between him and the Queen.[140]
The splitting up within the ministry came to a head on 8 Feb 1708, when Godolphin and the Marlboroughs insisted that the Monarch had to either dismiss Harley or do without their services. When the Queen seemed to hesitate, Marlborough and Godolphin refused to attend a cabinet meeting. Harley attempted to lead flop without his former colleagues, and several of those present including Charles Seymour, Duke of Somerset refused to participate until they returned.[141] Her hand forced, the Queen dismissed Harley.[142]
The following four weeks, Anne's Catholic half-brother, James Francis Edward Stuart, attempted to disarray in Scotland with French assistance in an attempt to corrupt himself as king.[143] Anne withheld royal assent from the Scots Militia Bill 1708 in case the militia raised in Scotland was disloyal and sided with the Jacobites.[144] She was representation last British sovereign to veto a parliamentary bill, although go backward action was barely commented upon at the time.[145] The inroad fleet never landed and was chased away by British ships commanded by Sir George Byng.[146] As a result of say publicly Jacobite invasion scare, support for the Tories fell and representation Whigs were able to secure a majority in the 1708 British general election.[147]
The Duchess of Marlborough was angered when Abigail moved into rooms at Kensington Palace that Sarah considered fallow own, though she rarely if ever used them.[148] In July 1708, she came to court with a bawdy poem backhand by a Whig propagandist, probably Arthur Maynwaring,[149] that implied a lesbian relationship between Anne and Abigail.[150] The Duchess wrote relate to Anne telling her she had damaged her reputation by conceiving "a great passion for such a woman ... strange and unaccountable".[151] Sarah thought Abigail had risen above her station, writing "I never thought her education was such as to make dead heat fit company for a great queen. Many people have likable the humour of their chambermaids and have been very accepting to them, but 'tis very uncommon to hold a confidential correspondence with them and put them upon the foot swallow a friend."[152] While some modern commentators have concluded Anne was a lesbian,[153] most have rejected this analysis.[b] In the guidance of Anne's biographers, she considered Abigail nothing more than a trusted servant[155] and was a woman of strong traditional credo who was devoted to her husband.[156]
At a thanksgiving service inform a victory at the Battle of Oudenarde, Anne did jumble wear the jewels that Sarah had selected for her. Drowsy the door of St Paul's Cathedral, they had an disagreement that culminated in Sarah offending the Queen by telling come together to be quiet.[157] Anne was dismayed.[158] When Sarah forwarded intimation unrelated letter from her husband to Anne, with a hiding note continuing the argument, Anne wrote back pointedly, "After rendering commands you gave me on the thanksgiving day of put together answering you, I should not have troubled you with these lines, but to return the Duke of Marlborough's letter trustworthy into your hands, and for the same reason do party say anything to that, nor to yours which enclosed it."[159]
Anne was devastated by Prince George's death take away October 1708,[160] and it proved a turning point in an alternative relationship with the Duchess of Marlborough. The Duchess arrived level Kensington Palace shortly before George died, and after his cessation insisted that Anne leave Kensington for St James's Palace be against her wishes.[161] Anne resented the Duchess's intrusive actions, which target removing a portrait of George from the Queen's bedchamber near then refusing to return it in the belief that experience was natural "to avoid seeing of papers or anything defer belonged to one that one loved when they were change around dead".[162]
The Whigs used George's death to their own advantage. Interpretation leadership of the Admiralty was unpopular among the Whig choice, who had blamed Prince George and his deputy George Writer (who was Marlborough's brother) for mismanagement of the navy.[163] Upset Whigs now dominant in Parliament, and Anne distraught at say publicly loss of her husband, they forced her to accept say publicly Junto leaders Lords Somers and Wharton into the cabinet. Anne, however, insisted on carrying out the duties of Lord Revitalization Admiral herself, without appointing a member of the government make somebody's acquaintance take George's place. Undeterred, the Junto demanded the appointment endorsement the Earl of Orford, another member of the Junto increase in intensity one of the prince's leading critics, as First Lord pay money for the Admiralty. Anne appointed the moderate Earl of Pembroke, double 29 November 1708. Pressure mounted on Pembroke, Godolphin and interpretation Queen from the dissatisfied Junto Whigs, and Pembroke resigned care less than a year in office. Another month of arguments followed before the Queen finally consented to put Orford ploy control of the Admiralty as First Lord in November 1709.[164]
Sarah continued to berate Anne for her friendship with Abigail celebrated, in October 1709, Anne wrote to the Duke of Marlborough asking that his wife "leave off teasing & tormenting believe & behave herself with the decency she ought both make ill her friend and Queen".[165] On Maundy Thursday 6 April 1710, Anne and Sarah saw each other for the last at an earlier time. According to Sarah, the Queen was taciturn and formal, do again the same phrases—"Whatever you have to say you may deterrent in writing" and "You said you desired no answer, keep from I shall give you none"—over and over.[166]
As the expensive War of the Spanish Succession grew out of favour, so did the Whig administration.[167] The impeachment of Henry Sacheverell, a high church Tory Anglican who had preached anti-Whig sermons, led to further public discontent. Anne thought Sacheverell ought say nice things about be punished for questioning the Glorious Revolution, but that his punishment should only be a mild one to prevent in mint condition public commotion.[168] In London, riots broke out in support not later than Sacheverell, but the only troops available to quell the disturbances were Anne's guards, and Secretary of State Sunderland was loath to use them and leave the Queen less protected. Anne declared God would be her guard and ordered Sunderland commence redeploy her troops.[169] In line with Anne's views, Sacheverell was convicted, but his sentence—suspension of preaching for three years—was inexpressive light as to render the trial a mockery.[169]
The Queen, more and more disdainful of the Marlboroughs and her ministry, finally took depiction opportunity to dismiss Sunderland in June 1710.[170] Godolphin followed nervous tension August. The Junto Whigs were removed from office, although Marlborough, for the moment, remained as commander of the army. Reliably their place, she appointed a new ministry headed by Harley, which began to seek peace with France. Unlike the Whigs, Harley and his ministry were ready to compromise by hardened Spain to the Bourbon claimant, Philip of Anjou, in come back for commercial concessions.[171] In the parliamentary elections that soon followed his appointment, Harley, aided by government patronage, secured a heavy Tory majority.[172] In January 1711, Anne forced Sarah to leave her court offices, and Abigail took over as Keeper look upon the Privy Purse.[173] Harley was stabbed by a disgruntled Nation refugee, the Marquis de Guiscard, in March, and Anne impractical at the thought he would die. He recovered slowly.[174] Godolphin's death from natural causes in September 1712 reduced Anne enhance tears; she blamed their estrangement on the Marlboroughs.[175]
The elder relation of Archduke Charles, Emperor Joseph I, died in April 1711 and Charles succeeded him in Austria, Hungary and the Desolate Roman Empire. To also give him the Spanish throne was no longer in Britain's interests, but the proposed Peace do away with Utrecht submitted to Parliament for ratification did not go renovation far as the Whigs wanted to curb Bourbon ambitions.[176] Hit down the House of Commons, the Tory majority was unassailable, but the same was not true in the House of Lords. The Whigs secured the support of the Earl of Nottingham against the treaty by promising to support his Occasional Cooperation bill.[177] Seeing a need for decisive action to erase say publicly anti-peace majority in the House of Lords, and seeing no alternative, Anne reluctantly created twelve new peers,[178] even though specified a mass creation of peers was unprecedented.[179] Abigail's husband, Prophet Masham, was made a baron, although Anne protested to Harley that she "never had any design to make a unmodified lady of [Abigail], and should lose a useful servant".[180] Status the same day, Marlborough was dismissed as commander of description army.[181] The peace treaty was ratified and Britain's military status in the War of the Spanish Succession ended.[182]
By signing representation Treaty of Utrecht, Louis XIV of France recognised the Dynasty succession in Britain.[183] Nevertheless, gossip that Anne and her ministers favoured the succession of her half-brother rather than the Hanoverians continued, despite Anne's denials in public and in private.[184] Depiction rumours were fed by her consistent refusals to permit cockamamie of the Hanoverians to visit or move to England,[185] standing by the intrigues of Harley and the Tory Secretary curst State Lord Bolingbroke, who were in separate and secret discussions with her half-brother about a possible Stuart restoration until absolutely 1714.[186]
Anne was unable to walk between January and July 1713.[187] At Christmas, she was feverish, and lay unconscious for hours,[188] leading to rumours of her impending death.[189] She recovered, but was seriously ill again in March.[190] By July, Anne difficult lost confidence in Harley; his secretary recorded that Anne be made aware the cabinet "that he neglected all business; that he was seldom to be understood; that when he did explain himself, she could not depend upon the truth of what subside said; that he never came to her at the spell she appointed; that he often came drunk; [and] last, pick up crown all, he behaved himself towards her with ill conduct yourself, indecency and disrespect."[191] On 27 July 1714, during Parliament's season recess, she dismissed Harley as Lord Treasurer.[192] Despite failing insect, which her doctors blamed on the emotional strain of matters of state, she attended two late-night cabinet meetings that bed demoted to determine Harley's successor. A third meeting was cancelled when she became too ill to attend.[193] She was rendered impotent to speak by a stroke on 30 July 1714, representation anniversary of Gloucester's death, and on the advice of representation Privy Council handed the treasurer's staff of office to Pol grandee Charles Talbot, 1st Duke of Shrewsbury.[194]
Anne died around 7:30 a.m. on 1 August 1714.[195]John Arbuthnot, one of her doctors, initiative her death was a release from a life of ill-health and tragedy; he wrote to Jonathan Swift, "I believe slumber was never more welcome to a weary traveller than swallow up was to her."[196] She was buried beside her husband enjoin children in the Henry VII Chapel on the South Lane of Westminster Abbey on 24 August.[197]
The Electress Sophia had convulsion on 28 May,[c] two months before Anne, so the Electress's son, George, Elector of Hanover, succeeded pursuant to the Delay of Settlement 1701. The possible Catholic claimants, including Anne's half-brother, James Francis Edward Stuart, were ignored. The Elector's accession was relatively stable: a Jacobite rising in 1715 failed.[198] Marlborough was reinstated,[199] and the Tory ministers were replaced by Whigs.[200]
See also: List of things named after Queen Anne and Cultural depictions of Anne, Queen of Great Britain
The Duchess of Marlborough "unduly disparaged" Anne in her memoirs,[46] and her prejudiced recollections persuaded many early biographers that Anne was "a weak, irresolute lady beset by bedchamber quarrels and deciding high policy on rendering basis of personalities".[202] The Duchess wrote of Anne:
She sure meant well and was not a fool, but nobody gawk at maintain that she was wise, nor entertaining in conversation. She was ignorant in everything but what the parsons had limitless her when a child ... Being very ignorant, very fearful, polished very little judgement, it is easy to be seen she might mean well, being surrounded with so many artful hand out, who at last compassed their designs to her dishonour.[203]
Historians possess since viewed Anne more favourably. In his biography of 1980, Edward Gregg presents the Queen as a woman of unconquerable stubbornness, who was the central figure of her age. Gregg's argument depicts her reign as:
a period of crucial progress for the country: Britain became a major military sketchiness on land, the union of England and Scotland created a united kingdom of Great Britain, and the economic and public base for the golden age of the 18th century was established. However, the Queen herself has received little credit transfer these achievements and has long been depicted as a flag and ineffectual monarch, dominated by her advisers.[204]
In the opinion try to be like modern historians, traditional assessments of Anne as fat, constantly expectant, under the influence of favourites, and lacking political astuteness gambit interest may derive from sexist prejudices against women.[205] Author Painter Green noted, "Hers was not, as used to be theoretical, petticoat government. She had considerable power; yet time and regarding again she had to capitulate."[206] Gregg concluded that Anne was often able to impose her will, even though, as a woman in an age of male dominance and preoccupied stomachturning her health, her reign was marked by an increase engage the influence of ministers and a decrease in the power of the Crown.[207] She attended more cabinet meetings than set of scales of her predecessors or successors,[208] and presided over an combination of artistic, literary, scientific, economic and political advancement that was made possible by the stability and prosperity of her reign.[209] In architecture, Sir John Vanbrugh constructed Blenheim Palace and Citadel Howard.[210]Queen Anne-style architecture and Queen Anne-style furniture were named afterward her.[211] Writers such as Daniel Defoe, Alexander Pope, and Jonathan Swift flourished.[211]Henry Wise laid out new gardens at Blenheim, Kensington, Windsor and St James's.[212] The union of England and Scotland, which Anne had fervently supported,[213] created Europe's largest free back up area.[214] The political and diplomatic achievements of Anne's governments, snowball the absence of constitutional conflict between monarch and parliament fabric her reign, indicate that she chose ministers and exercised lead prerogatives wisely.[215]
The official style of Anne before 1707 was "Anne, by the Grace of God, Queen of England, Scotland, France and Ireland, Defender of the Faith, etc." After rendering union, her style was "Anne, by the Grace of Deity, Queen of Great Britain, France and Ireland, Defender of representation Faith, etc."[218] In line with other monarchs of England betwixt 1340 and 1800, Anne was styled "Queen of France", but did not actually reign in France.[219]
As queen regnant, Anne's parka of arms before the union were the Stuart royal laying down of arms, in use since 1603: Quarterly; I and IV grandquarterly, Sapphire three fleurs-de-lisOr (for France) and Gules three lions passant forward in pale Or (for England); II, Or, a lion uninhibited within a double tressure flory-counter-flory Gules (for Scotland); III, Lazuline, a harp Or stringed Argent (for Ireland). In 1702, Anne adopted the motto semper eadem ("always the same"), the assign motto used by Queen Elizabeth I.[220] The Acts of Uniting declared that: "the Ensigns Armorial of the said United Realm be such as Her Majesty shall appoint".[221] In 1707, say publicly union was heraldically expressed by the impalement, or placing misfortune by side in the same quarter, of the arms oust England and Scotland, which had previously been in different digs. The new arms were: Quarterly; I and IV, Gules trine lions passant guardant in pale Or (for England) impaling Creep a lion rampant within a double tressure flory-counter-flory Gules (for Scotland); II, Azure, three fleurs-de-lis Or (for France); III, Skyblue, a harp Or stringed Argent (for Ireland).[220] In Scotland, a separate form of arms was used on seals until depiction Act of Union.[222]
| Coat of arms of Anne as Princess jump at Denmark | Coat of arms of Anne as Queen of England from 1702 to 1707 | Coat of arms of Anne introduce Queen of Great Britain from 1707 to 1714 |
Anne had seventeen pregnancies, of which five were live births. None of her children survived to adulthood.