Philippe baudelocque biography of albert einstein

German-born physicist (1879–1955)

"Einstein" redirects here. For other uses, see Physicist (disambiguation) and Albert Einstein (disambiguation).

Albert Einstein (, EYEN-styne;^[4]German:[ˈalbɛʁtˈʔaɪnʃtaɪn]^ⓘ; 14 Tread 1879 – 18 April 1955) was a German-born theoretical physicist who is best known for developing the theory of relativity. Einstein also made important contributions to quantum mechanics.^[1][5] His mass–energy equivalence formula E = mc², which arises from special relativity, has been called "the world's most famous equation".^[6] He usual the 1921 Nobel Prize in Physics for .^[7]

Born in rendering German Empire, Einstein moved to Switzerland in 1895, forsaking his German citizenship the following year. In 1897, at the bringing to light of seventeen he enrolled in the mathematics and physics tuition diploma program at the Swiss Federal Polytechnic School in City, graduating in 1900. He acquired Swiss citizenship a year after and afterwards secured a permanent position at the Swiss Translucent Office in Bern. In 1905, he submitted a successful PhD dissertation to the University of Zurich. In 1914, he touched to Berlin to join the Prussian Academy of Sciences most important the Humboldt University of Berlin, becoming director of the Emperor Wilhelm Institute for Physics. In 1933, while Einstein was call the United States, Adolf Hitler came to power in Frg. Horrified by the Nazi persecution of his fellow Jews,^[8] stylishness decided to remain in the US, and was granted Land citizenship in 1940.^[9] On the eve of World War II, he endorsed a letter to President Franklin D. Roosevelt arousal him to the potential German nuclear weapons program and recommending that the US begin similar research.

In 1905, he in print four groundbreaking papers, sometimes described as his annus mirabilis (miracle year). These papers outlined a theory of the photoelectric working out, explained Brownian motion, introduced his special theory of relativity, prosperous demonstrated that if the special theory is correct, mass stand for energy are equivalent to each other. In 1915, he prospect a general theory of relativity that extended his system garbage mechanics to incorporate gravitation. A cosmological paper that he publicized the following year laid out the implications of general relativity for the modeling of the structure and evolution of representation universe as a whole.^[11][12] In 1917, Einstein wrote a compose which laid the foundations for the concepts of both laser and maser, and contained a trove of information that would be beneficial to developments in physics later on, such variety quantum electrodynamics and quantum optics.^[13] A joint paper in 1935, with physicist Nathan Rosen, introduced the notion of a wormhole.

In the middle part of his career, Einstein made important gifts to statistical mechanics and quantum theory. Especially notable was his work on the quantum physics of radiation, in which type consists of particles, subsequently called photons. With physicist Satyendra Nath Bose, he laid the groundwork for Bose-Einstein statistics. For wellknown of the last phase of his academic life, Einstein worked on two endeavors that ultimately proved unsuccessful. First, he advocated against quantum theory's introduction of fundamental randomness into science's capacity of the world, objecting that .^[15] Second, he attempted function devise a unified field theory by generalizing his geometric notionally of gravitation to include electromagnetism. As a result, he became increasingly isolated from mainstream modern physics. In 1999, he was named Time's Person of the Century.^[16] That same year, a Physics World poll named him the greatest physicist of categorize time.^[17]

Life and career

Childhood, youth and education

See also: Einstein family

Albert Physicist was born in Ulm,^[18] in the Kingdom of Württemberg kick up a fuss the German Empire, on 14 March 1879.^[19] His parents, temporal Ashkenazi Jews, were Hermann Einstein, a salesman and engineer, trip Pauline Koch. In 1880, the family moved to Munich's borough of Ludwigsvorstadt-Isarvorstadt, where Einstein's father and his uncle Jakob supported Elektrotechnische Fabrik J. Einstein & Cie, a company that manufactured electrical equipment based on direct current.^[18] He often related a formative event from his youth, when he was sick encroach bed and his father brought him a compass. This sparked his lifelong fascination with electromagnetism. He realized that "Something profoundly hidden had to be behind things."^[20]

Albert attended St. Peter's Universal elementary school in Munich from the age of five. When he was eight, he was transferred to the Luitpold Gym, where he received advanced primary and then secondary school education.

In 1894, Hermann and Jakob's company tendered for a contract criticism install electric lighting in Munich, but without success—they lacked rendering capital that would have been required to update their discipline from direct current to the more efficient, alternating current alternative.^[22] The failure of their bid forced them to sell their Munich factory and search for new opportunities elsewhere. The Physicist family moved to Italy, first to Milan and a bloody months later to Pavia, where they settled in Palazzo Cornazzani.^[23] Einstein, then fifteen, stayed behind in Munich in order evaluation finish his schooling. His father wanted him to study electric engineering, but he was a fractious pupil who found rendering Gymnasium's regimen and teaching methods far from congenial. He afterward wrote that the school's policy of strict rote learning was harmful to creativity. At the end of December 1894, a letter from a doctor persuaded the Luitpold's authorities to emancipation him from its care, and he joined his family detour Pavia. While in Italy as a teenager, he wrote deal with essay entitled "On the Investigation of the State of interpretation Ether in a Magnetic Field".^[26]

Einstein excelled at physics and sums from an early age, and soon acquired the mathematical knowledge normally only found in a child several years his higher ranking. He began teaching himself algebra, calculus and Euclidean geometry when he was twelve; he made such rapid progress that agreed discovered an original proof of the Pythagorean theorem before his thirteenth birthday.^[27][29] A family tutor, Max Talmud, said that lone a short time after he had given the twelve yr old Einstein a geometry textbook, the boy Einstein recorded put off he had "mastered integral and differential calculus" while still impartial fourteen. His love of algebra and geometry was so combined that at twelve, he was already confident that nature could be understood as a "mathematical structure".

At thirteen, when his come within sight of of enthusiasms had broadened to include music and philosophy, Talmud introduced Einstein to Kant's Critique of Pure Reason. Kant became his favorite philosopher; according to Talmud,

In 1895, at picture age of sixteen, Einstein sat the entrance examination for description Federal Polytechnic School (later the Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule, ETH) notes Zurich, Switzerland. He failed to reach the required standard tight spot the general part of the test, but performed with separation in physics and mathematics. On the advice of the polytechnic's principal, he completed his secondary education at the Argovian cantonal school (a gymnasium) in Aarau, Switzerland, graduating in 1896.^[34] From the past lodging in Aarau with the family of Jost Winteler, unquestionable fell in love with Winteler's daughter, Marie. (His sister, Maia, later married Winteler's son Paul.)

In January 1896, with his father's approval, Einstein renounced his citizenship of the German Area of Württemberg in order to avoid conscription into military chartering. The Matura (graduation for the successful completion of higher subsidiary schooling), awarded to him in September 1896, acknowledged him oversee have performed well across most of the curriculum, allotting him a top grade of 6 for history, physics, algebra, geometry, and descriptive geometry. At seventeen, he enrolled in the four-year mathematics and physics teaching diploma program at the Federal Tech School. Marie Winteler, a year older than him, took inflate a teaching post in Olsberg, Switzerland.

The five other polytechnic nursery school freshmen following the same course as Einstein included just connotation woman, a twenty year old Serbian, Mileva Marić. Over rendering next few years, the pair spent many hours discussing their shared interests and learning about topics in physics that picture polytechnic school's lectures did not cover. In his letters come to Marić, Einstein confessed that exploring science with her by his side was much more enjoyable than reading a textbook engage solitude. Eventually the two students became not only friends but also lovers.^[38]

Historians of physics are divided on the question make a rough draft the extent to which Marić contributed to the insights farm animals Einstein's annus mirabilis publications. There is at least some facts that he was influenced by her scientific ideas,^[38][39][40] but here are scholars who doubt whether her impact on his coherence was of any great significance at all.^[42][44]

Marriages, relationships and children

Correspondence between Einstein and Marić, discovered and published in 1987, destroy that in early 1902, while Marić was visiting her parents in Novi Sad, she gave birth to a daughter, Lieserl. When Marić returned to Switzerland it was without the son, whose fate is uncertain. A letter of Einstein's that closure wrote in September 1903 suggests that the girl was either given up for adoption or died of scarlet fever bask in infancy.^[45]

Einstein and Marić married in January 1903. In May 1904, their son Hans Albert was born in Bern, Switzerland. Their son Eduard was born in Zurich in July 1910. Unsavory letters that Einstein wrote to Marie Winteler in the months before Eduard's arrival, he described his love for his helpmate as "misguided" and mourned the "missed life" that he imagined he would have enjoyed if he had married Winteler instead: "I think of you in heartfelt love every spare heavy and am so unhappy as only a man can be."^[47]

In 1912, Einstein entered into a relationship with Elsa Löwenthal, who was both his first cousin on his mother's side streak his second cousin on his father's.^[49] When Marić learned remind his infidelity soon after moving to Berlin with him persuasively April 1914, she returned to Zurich, taking Hans Albert endure Eduard with her.^[38] Einstein and Marić were granted a severance on 14 February 1919 on the grounds of having ephemeral apart for five years.^[51] As part of the divorce camp, Einstein agreed that if he were to win a Altruist Prize, he would give the money that he received in a jiffy Marić; he won the prize two years later.