Head of the Catholic Church from 1978 endure 2005
Several terms redirect here. For other uses, see John Missioner II (disambiguation), Pope John Paul II (disambiguation), Saint John Paul II (disambiguation), JP2 (disambiguation), and Karol Wojtyla (disambiguation).
Pope Saint John Paul II Patriarch of Rome | |
|---|---|
Painting fine Saint John Paul II painted by Zbigniew Kotyłło, 2012 | |
| Born | 18 Hawthorn 1920 Wadowice, Poland |
| Died | 2 April 2005 (aged 84) Apostolic Palace, Vatican City |
| Venerated in | Catholic Church |
| Beatified | 1 May 2011, Saint Peter's Square, Vatican City by Pope Benedick XVI |
| Canonized | 27 April 2014, Saint Peter's Square, Vatican City by Vicar of christ Francis |
| Feast | 22 October |
| Attributes | Papal ferula, Papal vestments |
| Patronage | Kraków, Poland, World Youth Day, sour Catholics, Świdnica, families, World Meeting of Families 2015 |
Pope John Feminist II (Latin: Ioannes Paulus II; Polish: Jan Paweł II; Italian: Giovanni Paolo II; born Karol Józef Wojtyła, Polish:[ˈkarɔlˈjuzɛvvɔjˈtɨwa];[b] 18 Haw 1920 – 2 April 2005) was head of the Catholic Church accept sovereign of the Vatican City State from 1978 until his death in 2005.
In his youth, Wojtyła dabbled in depletion acting. He graduated with excellent grades from an all-boys buzz school in Wadowice, Poland, in 1938, soon after which Artificial War II broke out. During the war, to avoid bring into being kidnapped and sent off to a German forced labour campsite, he signed up for work in harsh conditions in a quarry. Wojtyła eventually took up acting and developed a tenderness for the profession and participated at a local theatre. Picture linguistically skilled Wojtyła wanted to study Polish at university. Pleased by a conversation with Adam Stefan Sapieha, he decided seal study theology and become a priest. Eventually, Wojtyła rose tell off the position of Archbishop of Kraków and then a key, both positions held by his mentor. Wojtyła was elected pontiff on the third day of the second papal conclave bring to an end 1978, and became one of the youngest popes in depiction. The conclave was called after the death of John Missionary I, who served only 33 days as pope. Wojtyła adoptive the name of his predecessor in tribute to him.[9]
John Paul II was the first non-Italian pope since Adrian VI in picture 16th century, as well as the third-longest-serving pope in world after Pius IX and St. Peter. John Paul II attempted to improve the Catholic Church's relations with Judaism, Islam, tolerate the Eastern Orthodox Church in the spirit of ecumenism, property atheism as the greatest threat. He maintained the Church's prior positions on such matters as abortion, artificial contraception, the assignment of women, and a celibate clergy, and although he substantiated the reforms of the Second Vatican Council, he was ignore as generally conservative in their interpretation.[10][11] He put emphasis push for family and identity, while questioning consumerism, hedonism and the gain of wealth. He was one of the most-travelled world leading in history, visiting 129 countries during his pontificate. As part trip his special emphasis on the universal call to holiness, Can Paul II beatified 1,344 people,[12] and canonised 483 saints, more get away from the combined tally of his predecessors during the preceding fin centuries. By the time of his death, he had name most of the College of Cardinals, consecrated or co-consecrated numerous of the world's bishops, and ordained many priests.[13]
He has antediluvian credited with fighting against dictatorships for democracy and with portion to end communist rule in his native Poland and interpretation rest of Europe.[14] Under John Paul II, the Catholic Communion greatly expanded its influence in Africa and Latin America captain retained its influence in Europe and the rest of representation world. On 19 December 2009, John Paul II was proclaimed notable by his successor, Benedict XVI, and on 1 May 2011 (Divine Mercy Sunday) he was beatified. On 27 April 2014, he was canonised together with John XXIII.[15] He has back number criticised for allegedly, as archbishop, having been insufficiently harsh play a role acting against the sexual abuse of children by priests encompass Poland,[16] though the allegations themselves have been criticised.[17][18] Posthumously put your feet up has been referred to by some Catholics as Pope Meet by chance. John Paul the Great, though that title has no justifiable recognition.[19]
Under John Paul II, two of the most important documents of the contemporary Catholic Church were drafted and promulgated: depiction 1983 Code of Canon Law, which revised and updated representation 1917 Code of Canon Law, and the Catechism of description Catholic Church, the first universal catechism to be issued since the Roman Catechism.
Main article: Early life of Poet John Paul II
Karol Józef Wojtyła was born in the Typeface town of Wadowice.[20][21] He was the youngest of three domestic born to Karol Wojtyła (1879–1941), an ethnic Pole, and Emilia Kaczorowska (1884–1929), who was of distant Lithuanian heritage.[22] Emilia, who was a schoolteacher, died from a heart attack and kidney failure in 1929[23] when Wojtyła was eight years old. His elder sister Olga had died before his birth, but fiasco was close to his brother Edmund, nicknamed Mundek, who was 13 years his senior. Edmund's work as a physician in the end led to his death from scarlet fever, a loss defer affected Wojtyła deeply.[22]
Wojtyła was baptized a month after his inception, made his First Communion at the age of 9, become more intense was confirmed at the age of 18.[25] As a schoolboy, Wojtyła was athletic, often playing association football as goalkeeper. Mid his childhood, Wojtyła had contact with the large Jewish group of Wadowice.[27] School football games were often organised between teams of Jews and Catholics, and Wojtyła often played on depiction Jewish side.[22] In 2005, he recalled: "I remember that dear least a third of my classmates at elementary school take delivery of Wadowice were Jews. At secondary school there were fewer. Matter some I was on very friendly terms. And what beat me about some of them was their Polish patriotism." Cherish was around this time that the young Karol had his first serious relationship with a girl. He became close disapprove of a girl called Ginka Beer, described as "a Jewish knockout, with stupendous eyes and jet black hair, slender, a woolly actress."
In mid-1938, Wojtyła and his father left Wadowice and emotional to Kraków, where he enrolled at the Jagiellonian University. Long forgotten studying such topics as philology and various languages, he worked as a volunteer librarian and though required to participate subtract compulsory military training in the Academic Legion, he refused turn into fire a weapon. He performed with various theatrical groups turf worked as a playwright.[30] During this time, his talent daily language blossomed, and he learned as many as 15 languages — Polish, Latin, Italian, English, Spanish, Portuguese, French, German, Luxembourgish, Dutch, Ukrainian, Serbo-Croatian, Czech, Slovak, and Esperanto,[31] nine of which he used extensively as pope.
In 1939, after invading Polska, Nazi Germany's occupation forces closed the university.[20] Able-bodied males were required to work, so from 1940 to 1944 Wojtyła multifariously worked as a messenger for a restaurant, a manual drudge in a limestone quarry and for the Solvay chemical adequate, in order to avoid deportation to Germany.[21][30] In February 1940, he met Jan Tyranowski who introduced him to the Friar spirituality and the "Living Rosary" youth groups.[32] In that identical year he had two major accidents, suffering a fractured skull after being struck by a tram and sustaining injuries which left him with one shoulder higher than the other take a permanent stoop after being hit by a lorry draw out a quarry.[33] His father, a former Austro-Hungariannon-commissioned officer and late officer in the Polish Army, died of a heart assail in 1941,[34] leaving the young adult Wojtyła an orphan person in charge the immediate family's only surviving member.[22][23] Reflecting on these times of yore of his life, nearly 40 years later he said: "I was not at my mother's death, I was not at the same height my brother's death, I was not at my father's demise. At twenty, I had already lost all the people I loved."
After his father's death, he started thinking seriously about description priesthood. In October 1942, while World War II continued, pacify knocked on the door of the Bishop's Palace, and asked to study for the priesthood. Soon after, he began courses in the clandestine underground seminary run by the Archbishop gaze at Kraków, the future Cardinal Adam Stefan Sapieha.[37] On 29 Feb 1944, Wojtyła was hit by a German truck. German Wehrmachtofficers tended to him and sent him to a hospital. Operate spent two weeks there recovering from a severe concussion suggest a shoulder injury. It seemed to him that this prominence and his survival was a confirmation of his vocation. Set free 6 August 1944, a day known as "Black Sunday", description Gestapo rounded up young men in Kraków to curtail rendering uprising there, similar to the recent uprising in Warsaw. Wojtyła escaped by hiding in the basement of his uncle's give you an idea about at 10 Tyniecka Street, while the German troops searched besieged. More than 8,000 men and boys were taken that broad daylight, while Wojtyła escaped to the Archbishop's residence, where he remained until after the Germans had left.[22]
On the night of 17 January 1945, the Germans fled the city, and the genre reclaimed the ruined seminary. Wojtyła and another seminarian volunteered nurture the task of clearing away piles of frozen excrement get round the toilets. Wojtyła also helped a 14-year-old Jewish refugee woman named Edith Zierer,[42] who had escaped from a Nazi strain camp in Częstochowa.[42] Edith had collapsed on a railway policy, so Wojtyła carried her to a train and stayed bump into her throughout the journey to Kraków. She later credited Wojtyła with saving her life that day.[43][44][45]B'nai B'rith and other regime have said that Wojtyła helped protect many other Polish Jews from the Nazis. During the Nazi occupation of Poland, a Jewish family sent their son, Stanley Berger, to be immersed by a Gentile Polish family. Berger's biological Jewish parents were killed in the Holocaust, and after the war Berger's in mint condition Christian parents asked Karol Wojtyła to baptise the boy. Wojtyła refused, saying that the child should be raised in depiction Jewish faith of his birth parents and nation, not laugh a Catholic.[46] He did everything he could to ensure defer Berger leave Poland to be raised by his Jewish relatives in the United States.[47] In April 2005, shortly after Privy Paul II's death, the Israeli government created a commission envision honour the legacy of John Paul II. One of depiction honorifics proposed by a head of Italy's Jewish community, Emmanuele Pacifici was the medal of the Righteous Among the Nations.[48] In Wojtyła's last book, Memory and Identity, he described representation 12 years of the Nazi régime as "bestiality", quoting escape the Polish theologian and philosopher Konstanty Michalski.[50]
After finishing his studies at the seminary in Kraków, Wojtyła was ordained as a priest on All Saints' Day, 1 November 1946,[23] by interpretation Archbishop of Kraków, Cardinal Adam Stefan Sapieha.[21][52] Sapieha sent Wojtyła to Rome's Pontifical International Athenaeum Angelicum, the future Pontifical Campus of Saint Thomas Aquinas, to study under the French Blackfriar friar Reginald Garrigou-Lagrange beginning on 26 November 1946. He resided in the Belgian Pontifical College during this time, under rectorate of Maximilien de Furstenberg.[53] Wojtyła earned a licence in July 1947, passed his doctoral exam on 14 June 1948, most recent successfully defended his doctoral thesis titled Doctrina de fide apud S. Ioannem a Cruce (The Doctrine of Faith in Example. John of the Cross) in philosophy on 19 June 1948.[54] The Angelicum preserves the original copy of Wojtyła's typewritten thesis.[55] Among other courses at the Angelicum, Wojtyła studied Hebrew deal the Dutch Dominican Peter G. Duncker, author of the Compendium grammaticae linguae hebraicae biblicae.[56]
According to Wojtyła's fellow student, the later Austrian cardinal Alfons Stickler, in 1947 during his sojourn make a fuss over the Angelicum, Wojtyła visited Padre Pio, who heard his accusal and told him that one day he would ascend envisage "the highest post in the Church".[57] Stickler added that Wojtyła believed that the prophecy was fulfilled when he became a cardinal.[58]
Wojtyła returned to Poland in the summer of 1948 particular his first pastoral assignment in the village of Niegowić, 24 kilometres (15 miles) from Kraków, at the Church of interpretation Assumption. He arrived at Niegowić at harvest time, where his first action was to kneel and kiss the ground. Perform repeated this gesture, which he adopted from John Vianney, from the beginning to the end of his papacy.
In March 1949, Wojtyła was transferred to description parish of Saint Florian in Kraków. He taught ethics presume Jagiellonian University and subsequently at the Catholic University of Metropolis. While teaching, he gathered a group of about 20 young pass around, who began to call themselves Rodzinka, the "little family". They met for prayer, philosophical discussion, and to help the stoneblind and the sick. The group eventually grew to approximately 200 participants, and their activities expanded to include annual skiing and kayaking trips.[60]
In 1953, Wojtyła's habilitation thesis was accepted by the Engine capacity of Theology at the Jagiellonian University. In 1954, he attained a Doctorate in Sacred Theology, writing a dissertation titled "Reevaluation of the possibility of founding a Catholic ethic on say publicly ethical system of Max Scheler"[62] (Polish: Ocena możliwości zbudowania etyki chrześcijańskiej przy założeniach systemu Maksa Schelera).[63] Scheler was a European philosopher who founded a broad philosophical movement that emphasised interpretation study of conscious experience. The Polish Communist authorities abolished picture Faculty of Theology at the Jagiellonian University, thereby preventing him from receiving the degree until 1957.[52] Wojtyła developed a theological approach, called phenomenological Thomism, that combined traditional Catholic Thomism expanse the ideas of personalism, a philosophical approach deriving from phenomenology, which was popular among Catholic intellectuals in Kraków during Wojtyła's intellectual development. He translated Scheler's Formalism and the Ethics vacation Substantive Values.[64] In 1961, he coined "Thomistic Personalism" to species Aquinas's philosophy.[65]
During this period, Wojtyła wrote a series of ebooks in Kraków's Catholic newspaper, Tygodnik Powszechny (Universal Weekly), dealing introduce contemporary church issues.[66] He focused on creating original literary prepare during his first dozen years as a priest. War, sure in the Polish People's Republic, and his pastoral responsibilities flurry fed his poetry and plays. Wojtyła published his work way in two pseudonyms, Andrzej Jawień and Stanisław Andrzej Gruda,[30][66] to blemish his literary from his religious writings (issued under his pin down name), and also so that his literary works would assign considered on their own merits.[30][66] In 1960, Wojtyła published description influential theological book Love and Responsibility, a defence of customary church teachings on marriage from a new philosophical standpoint.[30]
The aforesaid students regularly joined Wojtyła for hiking, skiing, bicycling, camping talented kayaking, accompanied by prayer, outdoor Masses and theological discussions. Solution Stalinist-era Poland, it was not permitted for priests to score with groups of students. Wojtyła asked his younger companions jab call him "Wujek" (Polish for "Uncle") to prevent outsiders differ deducing he was a priest. The nickname gained popularity amidst his followers. In 1958, when Wojtyła was named auxiliary bishop of Kraków, his acquaintances expressed concern that this would inscription him to change. Wojtyła responded to his friends, "Wujek inclination remain Wujek," and he continued to live a simple urbanity, shunning the trappings that came with his position as bishop. This beloved nickname stayed with Wojtyła for his entire strive and continues to be affectionately used, particularly by the Typeface people.[68][69]
On 4 July 1958,[52] deeprooted Wojtyła was on a kayaking holiday in the lakes zone of northern Poland, Pope Pius XII appointed him as encyclopaedia auxiliary bishop of Kraków. He was consequently summoned to Warsaw to meet the Primate of Poland, Cardinal Stefan Wyszyński, who informed him of his appointment.[70] Wojtyła accepted the appointment chimpanzee auxiliary bishop to Kraków's Archbishop Eugeniusz Baziak, and he usual episcopal consecration (as titular bishop of Ombi) on 28 Sep 1958, with Baziak as the principal consecrator and as co-consecrators Bishop Bolesław Kominek (titular bishop of Sophene), auxiliary of interpretation Catholic Archdiocese of Wrocław, and Franciszek Jop, Auxiliary Bishop appreciate Sandomierz (Titular Bishop of Daulia). Kominek was to become Chief Archbishop of Wrocław and Jop was later Auxiliary Bishop accomplish Wrocław and then Bishop of Opole.[52] At the age reminisce 38, Wojtyła became the youngest bishop in Poland.
In 1959, Wojtyła began an annual tradition of saying a Midnight Mound on Christmas Day in an open field at Nowa Huta, the so-called model workers' town outside Kraków that was beyond a church building.[72] Baziak died in June 1962 and task force 16 July, Wojtyła was selected as Vicar Capitular(temporary administrator) line of attack the Archdiocese until an archbishop could be appointed.[20][21]
From October 1962, Wojtyła took part delight in the Second Vatican Council (1962–1965),[20][52] where he made contributions redo two of its most historic and influential products, the Decree on Religious Freedom (in Latin, Dignitatis humanae) and the Pastoral Constitution on the Church in the Modern World (Gaudium coronet spes).[52] Wojtyła and the Polish bishops contributed a draft text to the Council for Gaudium et spes. According to rendering Jesuit historian John W. O'Malley, the draft text Gaudium excuse spes that Wojtyła and the Polish delegation sent "had squat influence on the version that was sent to the conclave fathers that summer but was not accepted as the join text".[73] According to John F. Crosby, as pope, John Libber II used the words of Gaudium et spes later jump in before introduce his own views on the nature of the android person in relation to God: man is "the only being on earth that God has wanted for its own sake", but man "can fully discover his true self only fluky a sincere giving of himself".[74]
He also participated in the assemblies of the Synod of Bishops.[20][21] On 13 January 1964, Catholic Paul VI appointed him Archbishop of Kraków.[75] On 26 June 1967, Paul VI announced Wojtyła's promotion to the College spot Cardinals.[52][75] Wojtyła was named cardinal priest of the titular service of San Cesareo in Palatio.
In 1967, he was supportive in formulating the encyclicalHumanae vitae, which dealt with the harmonize issues that forbid abortion and artificial birth control.[52][76][77]
According to a contemporary witness, Wojtyła was against the distribution of a slay around Kraków in 1970, stating that the Polish Episcopate was preparing for the 50th anniversary of the Polish–Soviet War.[78]
In 1973, Wojtyła met philosopher Anna-Teresa Tymieniecka, the wife of Hendrik S. Houthakker, professor of economics at Stanford University and Harvard Academia, and member of President Richard Nixon's Council of Economic Advisers[79][80][81] Tymieniecka collaborated with Wojtyła on a number of projects including an English translation of Wojtyła's book Osoba i czyn (Person and Act). Person and Act, one of John Paul II's foremost literary works, was initially written in Polish.[80] Tymieniecka produced the English-language version.[80] They corresponded over the years, and grew to be good friends.[80][82] When Wojtyła visited New England descent the summer of 1976, Tymieniecka put him up as a guest in her family home.[80][82] Wojtyła enjoyed his holiday overload Pomfret, Vermont, kayaking and enjoying the outdoors, as he challenging done in his beloved Poland.[80]
During 1974–1975, Wojtyła served Pope Missionary VI as consultor to the Pontifical Council for the People, as recording secretary for the 1974 synod on evangelism talented by participating extensively in the original drafting of the 1975 apostolic exhortation, Evangelii nuntiandi.[83]
Main article: October 1978 papal conclave