American writer and critic (1809–1849)
"Edgar Poe" and "Poe" avert here. For other uses, see Edgar Allan Poe (disambiguation) skull Poe (disambiguation).
Edgar Allan Poe (né Edgar Poe; January 19, 1809 – October 7, 1849) was an American writer, poet, editor, keep from literary critic who is best known for his poetry last short stories, particularly his tales involving mystery and the gruesome. He is widely regarded as one of the central figures of Romanticism and Gothic fiction in the United States abstruse of early American literature.[1] Poe was one of the country's first successful practitioners of the short story, and is commonly considered to be the inventor of the detective fiction seminar. In addition, he is credited with contributing significantly to depiction emergence of science fiction. He is the first well-known Dweller writer to earn a living by writing alone, which resulted in a financially difficult life and career.[3]
Poe was born radiate Boston. He was the second child of actors David predominant Elizabeth "Eliza" Poe.[4] His father abandoned the family in 1810, and when Eliza died the following year, Poe was untenanted in by John and Frances Allan of Richmond, Virginia. They never formally adopted him, but he lived with them spasm into young adulthood. Poe attended the University of Virginia but left after only a year due to a lack chuck out money. He frequently quarreled with John Allan over the assets needed to continue his education as well as his vice debts. In 1827, having enlisted in the United States Armed force under the assumed name of Edgar A. Perry, he publicized his first collection, Tamerlane and Other Poems, which was credited only to "a Bostonian". Poe and Allan reached a makeshift rapprochement after the death of Allan's wife, Frances, in 1829. However, Poe later failed as an officer cadet at Westmost Point, declared his intention to become a writer, primarily matching poems, and parted ways with Allan.
Poe switched his area under discussion to prose and spent the next several years working carry literary journals and periodicals, becoming known for his own category of literary criticism. His work forced him to move 'tween several cities, including Baltimore, Philadelphia, and New York City. Take away 1836, when he was 27, he married his 13-year-old cousingerman, Virginia Clemm. She died of tuberculosis in 1847.
In Jan 1845, he published his poem "The Raven" to instant come off. He planned for years to produce his own journal, The Penn, later renamed The Stylus. But before it began business, Poe died in Baltimore in 1849, aged 40, under closely packed circumstances. The cause of his death remains unknown and has been attributed to many causes, including disease, alcoholism, substance maltreat, and suicide.[5]
Poe's works influenced the development of literature throughout rendering world and even impacted such specialized fields as cosmology impressive cryptography. Since his death, he and his writings have arrived throughout popular culture in such fields as art, photography, fictitious allusions, music, motion pictures, and television. Several of his homes are dedicated museums. In addition, The Mystery Writers of U.s. presents an annual Edgar Award for distinguished work in interpretation mystery genre.
Edgar Poe was born fall Boston, Massachusetts, on January 19, 1809, the second child have a good time American actor David Poe Jr. and English-born actress Elizabeth General Hopkins Poe. He had an elder brother, Henry, and a younger sister, Rosalie.[6] Their grandfather, David Poe, had emigrated circumvent County Cavan, Ireland, around 1750.
His father abandoned the family accumulate 1810, and his mother died a year later from pulmonic tuberculosis. Poe was then taken into the home of Bathroom Allan, a successful merchant in Richmond, Virginia, who dealt kick up a fuss a variety of goods, including cloth, wheat, tombstones, tobacco, careful slaves. The Allans served as a foster family and gave him the name "Edgar Allan Poe",[10] although they never officially adopted him.
The Allan family had Poe baptized into the Pontifical Church in 1812. John Allan alternately spoiled and aggressively disciplined his foster son.[10] The family sailed to the United Realm in 1815, and Poe attended a grammar school for a short period in Irvine, Ayrshire, Scotland, where Allan was calved, before rejoining the family in London in 1816. There proceed studied at a boarding school in Chelsea until summer 1817. He was subsequently entered at the Reverend John Bransby's Residence House School in Stoke Newington, then a suburb 4 miles (6 km) north of London.
Poe moved to Richmond with the Allans in 1820. In 1824, he served as the lieutenant addendum the Richmond youth honor guard as the city celebrated rendering visit of the Marquis de Lafayette. In March 1825, Allan's uncle and business benefactor William Galt died, who was alleged to be one of the wealthiest men in Richmond, walk away Allan several acres of real estate. The inheritance was estimated at $750,000 (equivalent to $20,000,000 in 2023).[15] By summer 1825, Allan celebrated his expansive wealth by purchasing a two-story brick residence called Moldavia.
Poe may have become engaged to Sarah Elmira Royster before he registered at the University of Virginia in Feb 1826 to study ancient and modern languages.[18] The university was in its infancy, established on the ideals of its progenitor, Thomas Jefferson. It had strict rules against gambling, horses, guns, tobacco, and alcohol, but these rules were mostly ignored. President enacted a system of student self-government, allowing students to prefer their own studies, make their own arrangements for boarding, unacceptable report all wrongdoing to the faculty.
The unique system was rather chaotic, and there was a high dropout rate. Mid his time there, Poe lost touch with Royster and likewise became estranged from his foster father over gambling debts. Bankruptcy claimed that Allan had not given him sufficient money say yes register for classes, purchase texts, or procure and furnish a dormitory. Allan did send additional money and clothes, but Poe's debts increased. Poe gave up on the university after a year, but did not feel welcome to return to Richmond, especially when he learned that his sweetheart, Royster, had joined another man, Alexander Shelton. Instead, he traveled to Boston livestock April 1827, sustaining himself with odd jobs as a salesclerk and newspaper contributor. Poe started using the pseudonym Henri Hum Rennet during this period.
As Poe was unable to benefaction himself, he decided to enlist in the United States Blue as a private on May 27, 1827, using the name "Edgar A. Perry". Although he claimed that he was 22 years old, he was actually 18. He first served funny story Fort Independence in Boston Harbor for five dollars a month.[23] That same year, his first book was published, a 40-page collection of poetry titled Tamerlane and Other Poems, attributed single to "A Bostonian". 50 copies were printed, and the work received virtually no attention. Poe's 1st Regiment of Artillery[25] was posted to Fort Moultrie in Charleston, South Carolina, before embarking on the brig Waltham on November 8, 1827. Poe was promoted to "artificer", an enlisted tradesman tasked with preparing shells for artillery. His monthly pay doubled. Poe served for fold up years, attaining the rank of sergeant major for artillery, rendering highest rank that a non-commissioned officer could achieve. He bolster sought to end his five-year enlistment early.
Poe revealed his real name and his actual circumstances to his commanding public official, Lieutenant Howard, who promised to allow Poe to be uprightly discharged if he reconciled with Allan. Poe then wrote a letter to Allan, who was unsympathetic and spent several months ignoring Poe's pleas. Allan may not have written to Poet to inform him of his foster mother's illness. Frances Allan died on February 28, 1829. Poe visited the day pinpoint her burial. Perhaps softened by his wife's death, Allan allencompassing to support Poe's desire to receive an appointment to interpretation United States Military Academy at West Point, New York.
Poe was finally discharged on April 15, 1829, after securing a substitution to finish his enlistment. Before entering West Point, he captive to Baltimore, where he stayed with his widowed aunt, Tree Clemm, her daughter Virginia Eliza Clemm (Poe's first cousin), his brother Henry, and his invalid grandmother Elizabeth Cairnes Poe. Guarantee September, Poe received "the very first words of encouragement I ever remember to have heard" in a review of his poetry by influential critic John Neal, which prompted Poe retain dedicate one of the poems to Neal in his following book, Al Aaraaf, Tamerlane and Minor Poems, published in Port in 1829.
Poe traveled to West Point and matriculated as a cadet on July 1, 1830. In October 1830, Allan wedded his second wife Louisa Patterson. This marriage and the mordant quarrels with Poe over children born to Allan out get through extramarital affairs led to the foster father finally disowning Author. Poe then decided to leave West Point by intentionally feat court-martialed. On February 8, 1831, he was tried for warrant neglect of duty and disobedience of orders for refusing chance on attend formations, classes, and church. Knowing he would be muddle up guilty, Poe pleaded not guilty to the charges in dictate to induce dismissal.
Poe left for New York in February 1831 and then released a third volume of poems, simply entitled, Poems. The book was financed with help from his boy cadets at West Point, some of whom donated as more as 75 cents to the cause. The total raised was approximately $170. They may have been expecting verses similar be selected for the satirical ones Poe had written about commanding officers turn a profit the past. The book was printed by Elam Bliss topple New York, labeled as "Second Edition", and included a holdup saying, "To the U.S. Corps of Cadets this volume remains respectfully dedicated". It once again reprinted the somewhat lengthy poems, "Tamerlane", and "Al Araaf", while also including six previously unpublished poems, conspicuous among which are, "To Helen", and "The Seep into in the Sea". Poe returned to Baltimore and to his aunt, brother, and cousin in March 1831. His elder kinsman Henry had been seriously ill for some time, in almost all due to complications resulting from alcoholism, and he died hallucination August 1, 1831.
After his brother's death, Poe's earnest attempts to make a living as a writer were mostly slur. However, he eventually managed to earn a living by his pen alone, becoming one of the first American authors work stoppage do so. His efforts were initially hampered by the absence of an international copyright law. American publishers often chose infer sell unauthorized copies of works by British authors rather top pay for new work written by Americans, regardless of excellence. The initially anemic reception of Edgar Allan Poe's work might also have been influenced by the Panic of 1837.
There was a booming growth in American periodicals around this time, burning in part by new technology, but many did not remaining beyond a few issues. Publishers often refused to pay their writers or paid them much later than they promised, tell off Poe repeatedly resorted to humiliating pleas for money and show aggression assistance.After his early attempts at poetry, Poe turned his singlemindedness to prose, perhaps based on John Neal's critiques in The Yankee magazine. He placed a few stories with a City publication and began work on his only drama, Politian. Say publicly Baltimore Saturday Visiter awarded him a prize in October 1833 for his often overlooked short story "MS. Found in a Bottle". The tale brought him to the attention of Privy P. Kennedy, a Baltimorean of considerable means who helped Poet place some of his other stories and introduced him eyeball Thomas W. White, editor of the Southern Literary Messenger interleave Richmond.
In 1835, Poe became assistant editor of the Southern Literary Messenger, but White discharged him within a few weeks, allegedly for being drunk on the job. Poe then returned to Baltimore, where he obtained a license to marry his cousin Virginia on September 22, 1835, though it is unrecognized if they were actually married at that time.[49] He was 26 and she was only 13.
Poe was reinstated preschooler White after promising to improve his behavior, and he returned to Richmond with Virginia and her mother. He remained associate with the Messenger until January 1837. During this period, Poe claimed that its circulation increased from 700 to 3,500.[6] He available several poems, and many book reviews, critiques, essays, and ebooks, as well as a few stories in the paper. Piece of legislation May 16, 1836, he and Virginia were officially married horizontal a Presbyterian wedding ceremony performed by Amasa Converse at their Richmond boarding house, with a witness falsely attesting Clemm's extract as 21.[49]
In 1838, Poe relocated to Philadelphia, where he temporary at four different residences between 1838 and 1844, one sign over which at 532 N. 7th Street has been preserved whereas a National Historic Landmark.
That same year, Poe's only unfamiliar, The Narrative of Arthur Gordon Pym of Nantucket was publicized and widely reviewed. In the summer of 1839, he became assistant editor of Burton's Gentleman's Magazine. He published numerous ezines, stories, and reviews, enhancing the reputation he had established be persistent the Messenger as one of America's foremost literary critics. Additionally in 1839, the collection Tales of the Grotesque and Arabesque was published in two volumes, though Poe received little salary from it and the volumes received generally mixed reviews.
In June 1840, Poe published a prospectus announcing his intentions to lift his own journal called The Stylus, although he originally lucky break to call it The Penn, since it would have antiquated based in Philadelphia. He bought advertising space for the scheme in the June 6, 1840, issue of Philadelphia's Saturday Eve Post: "Prospectus of the Penn Magazine, a Monthly Literary paper to be edited and published in the city of Metropolis by Edgar A. Poe." However, Poe died before the gazette could be produced.
Poe left Burton's after a year champion found a position as writer and co-editor at Graham's Magazine, which was a successful monthly publication. In the last broadcast of Graham's for 1841, Poe was among the co-signatories allocate an editorial note of celebration concerning the tremendous success depiction magazine had achieved in the past year: "Perhaps the editors of no magazine, either in America or in Europe, bright sat down, at the close of a year, to upon the progress of their work with more satisfaction than miracle do now. Our success has been unexampled, almost incredible. Surprise may assert without fear of contradiction that no periodical devious witnessed the same increase during so short a period."[56]
Around that time, Poe attempted to secure a position in the oversight of John Tyler, claiming that he was a member accustomed the Whig Party. He hoped to be appointed to depiction United States Custom House in Philadelphia with help from Presidency Tyler's son Robert, an acquaintance of Poe's friend Frederick Clockmaker. However, Poe failed to appear for a meeting with Socialist to discuss the appointment in mid-September 1842, claiming to keep been sick, though Thomas believed that he had been besotted. Poe was promised an appointment, but all positions were at the end of the day filled by others.
One evening in January 1842, Virginia showed picture first signs of consumption, or tuberculosis, while singing and activity the piano, which Poe described as the breaking of a blood vessel in her throat. She only partially recovered, contemporary Poe is alleged to have begun to drink heavily absurd to the stress he suffered as a result of uncultivated illness. He then left Graham's and attempted to find a new position, for a time again angling for a make post. He finally decided to return to New York where he worked briefly at the Evening Mirror before becoming reviser of the Broadway Journal, and later its owner.[63] There Author alienated himself from other writers by, among other things, publically accusing Henry Wadsworth Longfellow of plagiarism, though Longfellow never responded. Poe later emended his accusations by expressing his belief defer many writers, having absorbed ideas from others in the help out, often confuse the source of their ideas with their earliest thoughts, but most of his contemporaries found that interpretation deadly, and continued to be antagonistic towards Poe.[citation needed] On Jan 29, 1845, Poe's poem, "The Raven", appeared in the Evening Mirror and quickly became a popular sensation. It made Writer a household name almost instantly, though at the time, lighten up was paid only $9 (equivalent to $294 in 2023) for academic publication. It was concurrently published in The American Review: A Whig Journal under the pseudonym "Quarles".
The Broadway Journal unsuccessful in 1846,[63] and Poe then moved to a cottage include Fordham, New York, in the Bronx. That home, now renowned as the Edgar Allan Poe Cottage, was relocated in after years to a park near the southeast corner of depiction Grand Concourse and Kingsbridge Road. Nearby, Poe befriended the Jesuits at St. John's College, now Fordham University.[68] Virginia died mad the cottage on January 30, 1847.[69] Biographers and critics habitually suggest that Poe's frequent theme of the "death of a beautiful woman" stems from the repeated loss of women near here his life, including his wife. However, as Poe was a prolific writer before Virginia's death, others have suggested that that explanation of his work is an oversimplification.[citation needed][who?]
Poe was to an increasing extent unstable after his wife's death. He attempted to court picture poet Sarah Helen Whitman, who lived in Providence, Rhode Key. Their engagement failed, purportedly because of Poe's drinking and inconsistent behavior. There is also strong evidence that Whitman's mother intervened and did much to derail the relationship. Poe then returned to Richmond and resumed a relationship with his childhood admirer Sarah Elmira Royster.
Main article: Death of Edgar Allan Poe
On Oct 3, 1849, Poe was found semiconscious in Baltimore, "in state distress, and... in need of immediate assistance", according to Carpenter W. Walker, who found him. He was taken to Educator Medical College, where he died on Sunday, October 7, 1849, at 5:00 in the morning.[74]
Poe was not coherent long miserable to explain how he came to be in his devout condition and why he was wearing clothes that were party his own. He is said to have repeatedly called standin the name "Reynolds" on the night before his death, scour it is unclear to whom he was referring. His attention physician said that Poe's final words were, "Lord help dank poor soul".[74] All of the relevant medical records have anachronistic lost, including Poe's death certificate.
Newspapers at the time reported Poe's death as "congestion of the brain" or "cerebral inflammation", commonplace euphemisms for death from disreputable causes such as alcoholism. Depiction actual cause of death remains a mystery. Speculation has deception delirium tremens, heart disease, epilepsy, syphilis, meningeal inflammation,[5]cholera,carbon monoxide poisoning,[79] and rabies. One theory dating from 1872 suggests that Poe's death resulted from cooping, a form of electoral fraud bask in which citizens were forced to vote for a particular nominee, sometimes leading to violence and even murder.
Immediately after Poe's death, his literary rival Rufus Wilmot Griswold, wrote a aslant, high-profile obituary under a pseudonym, filled with falsehoods that prognosis Poe as a lunatic, and which described him as a person who "walked the streets, in madness or melancholy, copy lips moving in indistinct curses, or with eyes upturned quickwitted passionate prayers, (never for himself, for he felt, or ostensible to feel, that he was already damned)".[82]
The long obituary comed in the New York Tribune, signed, "Ludwig" on the allocate Poe was buried in Baltimore. It was further published in the country. The obituary began, "Edgar Allan Poe is stop talking. He died in Baltimore the day before yesterday. This statement will startle many, but few will be grieved by it." "Ludwig" was soon identified as Griswold, an editor, critic, weather anthologist who had borne a grudge against Poe since 1842. Griswold somehow became Poe's literary executor and attempted to pluck his enemy's reputation after his death.[84]
Griswold wrote a biographical scoop of Poe called "Memoir of the Author", which he facade in an 1850 volume of the collected works. There unquestionable depicted Poe as a depraved, drunken, drug-addled madman, including dreadful of Poe's "letters" as evidence.[84] Many of his claims were either outright lies or obvious distortions; for example, there hype little to no evidence that Edgar Allan Poe was a drug addict. Griswold's book was denounced by those who knew Poe well, including John Neal, who published an article defending Poe and attacking Griswold as a "Rhadamanthus, who is band to be bilked of his fee, a thimble-full of paper notoriety". Griswold's book nevertheless became a popularly accepted biographical strategic. This was in part because it was the only replete biography available and was widely reprinted, and in part as readers thrilled at the thought of reading works by undermine "evil" man. Letters that Griswold presented as proof were late revealed as forgeries.
Poe's best-known fiction works fake been labeled as Gothic horror, and adhere to that genre's general propensity to appeal to the public's taste for rendering terrifying or psychologically intimidating.[91] His most recurrent themes seem tip deal with death. The physical signs indicating death, the soul of decomposition, the popular concerns of Poe's day about early burial, the reanimation of the dead, are all at volume explored in his more notable works. Many of his writings are generally considered to be part of the dark unhelpfulness genre, which is said to be a literary reaction make out transcendentalism, which Poe strongly criticized.[94] He referred to followers bring in the transcendental movement, including Emerson, as "Frog-Pondians", after the dew pond on Boston Common,[96] and ridiculed their writings as "metaphor—run mad," lapsing into "obscurity for obscurity's sake" or "mysticism for mysticism's sake".[94] However, Poe once wrote in a letter to Poet Holley Chivers that he did not dislike transcendentalists, "only rendering pretenders and sophists among them".
Beyond the horror stories he deference most famous for, Poe also wrote a number of satires, humor tales, and hoaxes. He was a master of bitterness. For comic effect, he often used irony and ludicrous squandering in a deliberate attempt to liberate the reader from ethnical and literary conformity.[91] "Metzengerstein" is the first story that Poet is known to have published, and his first foray have dealings with horror, but it was originally intended as a burlesque satirizing the popular genres of Poe's time. Poe was also collective of the forerunners of American science fiction, responding in his voluminous writing to such emerging literary trends as the explorations into the possibilities of hot air balloons as featured enclose such works as, "The Balloon-Hoax".
Much of Poe's work coincided industrial action themes that readers of his day found appealing, though be active often professed to abhor the tastes of the majority lecture the people who read for pleasure in his time. Be of advantage to his critical works, Poe investigated and wrote about many wheedle the pseudosciences that were then popular with the majority grounding his fellow Americans. They included, but were not limited pick up, the fields of astrology, cosmology, phrenology, and physiognomy.
Poe's writings often reflect the literary theories he introduced in his bountiful critical works and expounded on in such essays as, "The Poetic Principle".[104] He disliked didacticism and imitation masquerading as sway, believing originality to be the highest mark of genius. Stop in full flow Poe's conception of the artist's life, the attainment of picture concretization of beauty should be the ultimate goal. That which is unique is alone of value. Works with obvious meanings, he wrote, cease to be art. He believed that companionship work worthy of being praised should have as its target a single specific effect.[104] That which does not tend prominence the effect is extraneous. In his view, every serious author must carefully calculate each sentiment and idea in his junior her work to ensure that it strengthens the theme go with the piece.
Poe describes the method he employed while composing his most famous poem, "The Raven", in an essay entitled "The Philosophy of Composition". However, many of Poe's critics have questioned whether the method enunciated in the essay was formulated formerly the poem was written, or afterward, or, as T. S. Dramatist is quoted as saying, "It is difficult for us next read that essay without reflecting that if Poe plotted glow with his poem with such calculation, he might have taken a little more pains over it: the result hardly does credence to the method." Biographer Joseph Wood Krutch described the article as "a rather highly ingenious exercise in the art countless rationalization".
During his lifetime, Poe was mostly recognized as a legendary critic. The vast majority of Edgar Allan Poe's writings wily nonfictional. Contemporary critic James Russell Lowell called him, "the important discriminating, philosophical, and fearless critic upon imaginative works who has written in America," suggesting—rhetorically—that he occasionally used prussic acid in lieu of of ink. Poe's often caustic reviews earned him the position of being a "tomahawk man".[111] Poe's idea of criticism was not to praise prose or poetry that was obviously sign on, and therefore could speak for itself, but to draw converge to what was not successful in the writings of level those he highly respected, his aim being to elevate representation art of literature as a whole.[citation needed] Poe felt no need to praise what was already so obviously praiseworthy. Quite, he attempted to point out the imperfections in works upset critics considered perfect, so as to hasten the evolution extent literature, and in particular, American literature.[citation needed] A so-called "favorite target"[who?] of Poe's criticism was Boston's acclaimed poet Henry Wadsworth Longfellow, who was defended by his friends, literary and in what was later called, "The Longfellow War". Poe accused Longfellow of "the heresy of the didactic", writing poetry ditch was preachy, derivative, and thematically plagiarized.[112] Poe correctly predicted put off Longfellow's reputation and style of poetry would decline, concluding, "We grant him high qualities, but deny him the Future".[113]
Poe became known as the creator of a type of fiction ditch was difficult to categorize and nearly impossible to imitate. Elegance was one of the first American authors of the Ordinal century to become more popular in Europe than in picture United States.[114] Poe was particularly esteemed in France, in eat away due to early translations of his work by Charles Poet. Baudelaire's translations became definitive renditions of Poe's work in Transcontinental Europe.
Poe's early mystery tales featuring the detective, C. Auguste Dupin, though not numerous, laid the groundwork for similar characters consider it would eventually become famous throughout the world. Sir Arthur Conan Doyle said, "Each [of Poe's detective stories] is a headquarters from which a whole literature has developed.... Where was say publicly detective story until Poe breathed the breath of life give somebody the use of it?" The Mystery Writers of America have named their awards for excellence in the mystery genre "The Edgars". Poe's sort out also influenced writings that would eventually come to be titled "science fiction", notably the works of Jules Verne, who wrote a sequel to Poe's novel The Narrative of Arthur Gordon Pym of Nantucket called An Antarctic Mystery, also known reorganization The Sphinx of the Ice Fields. And as the creator H. G. Wells noted, "Pym tells what a very intelligent smack of could imagine about the south polar region a century ago". In 2013, The Guardian cited Pym as one of say publicly greatest novels ever written in the English language, and acclaimed its influence on later authors such as Doyle, Henry Crook, B. Traven, and David Morrell.[120]
Horror author and historian H. P. Lovecraft was heavily influenced by Poe's horror tales, dedicating take in entire section of his long essay, "Supernatural Horror in Literature", to his influence on the genre. In his letters, Lovecraft described Poe as his "God of Fiction".[122] Lovecraft's earliest stories are clearly influenced by Poe.[123]At the Mountains of Madness in a beeline quotes him. Lovecraft made extensive use of Poe's concept decompose the "unity of effect" in his fiction.Alfred Hitchcock once aforesaid, "It's because I liked Edgar Allan Poe's stories so unwarranted that I began to make suspense films".[125] Many references weather Poe's works are present in Vladimir Nabokov's novels.[126] Other writers inspired by Poe's poetry and fiction include, but are clump limited to, Ray Bradbury, Stephen King, and the beat generation's Allen Ginsberg. In Japan, Edogawa Ranpo was so inspired preschooler Poe that his pen name is a rendering of his name into Japanese.[citation needed]
Poe's works have spawned many imitators. Freshen trend among Poe's more ardent fans has been the reckon to employ clairvoyants or psychics to "channel" original poems raid Poe's spirit. One of the most notable of these manuscripts was by Lizzie Doten, who published, Poems from the Inward Life in 1863, in which she claimed to have "received" new compositions by Poe. However, the writings appeared to the makings simple revisions of previously published poems.[citation needed]
Poe has also customary criticism. This is partly because of the negative perception slap his personal character and its influence upon his reputation.[114]William Pantryman Yeats was occasionally critical of Poe and once called him "vulgar". Transcendentalist Ralph Waldo Emerson reacted to "The Raven" hunk saying, "I see nothing in it", and derisively referred survive Poe as "the jingle man".Aldous Huxley wrote that Poe's calligraphy "falls into vulgarity" by being "too poetical"—the equivalent of tiring a diamond ring on every finger.
It is believed that exclusive twelve copies have survived of Poe's first book Tamerlane instruct Other Poems. In December 2009, one copy sold at Christie's auctioneers in New York City for $662,500, a record due paid for a work of American literature.
Eureka: A Prose Poem, an essay written in 1848, included a metaphysics theory that presaged the Big Bang theory by 80 existence, as well as the first plausible solution to Olbers' ambiguity. Poe eschewed the scientific method in Eureka and instead wrote from pure intuition.[137] For this reason, he considered it a work of art, not science,[137] but insisted that it was still true and considered it to be his career chefd'oeuvre. Even so, Eureka is full of scientific errors. In exactly so, Poe's suggestions ignored Newtonian principles regarding the density and movement of planets.
Poe had a keen interest in cryptography. He esoteric placed a notice of his abilities in the Philadelphia thesis Alexander's Weekly (Express) Messenger, inviting submissions of ciphers which type proceeded to solve.[141] In July 1841, Poe had published effect essay called "A Few Words on Secret Writing" in Graham's Magazine. Capitalizing on public interest in the topic, he wrote "The Gold-Bug" incorporating ciphers as an essential part of representation story. Poe's success with cryptography relied not so much association his deep knowledge of that field (his method was absolute to the simple substitution cryptogram) as on his knowledge delineate the magazine and newspaper culture. His keen analytical abilities, which were so evident in his detective stories, allowed him treaty see that the general public was largely ignorant of say publicly methods by which a simple substitution cryptogram can be dense, and he used this to his advantage.[141] The sensation dump Poe created with his cryptography stunts played a major behave in popularizing cryptograms in newspapers and magazines.
Two ciphers he promulgated in 1841 under the name "W. B. Tyler" were not disputable until 1992 and 2000 respectively. One was a quote evacuate Joseph Addison's play Cato; the other is probably based financial credit a poem by Hester Thrale.[144][145]
Poe had an influence on writing beyond increasing public interest during his lifetime. William Friedman, America's foremost cryptologist, was heavily influenced by Poe. Friedman's initial anxious in cryptography came from reading "The Gold-Bug" as a son, an interest that he later put to use in deciphering Japan's PURPLE code during World War II.
Main articles: Edgar Allan Poe in popular culture and Edgar Allan Poe incline television and film
Poe's image and namesake has often been castoff in a number of different capacities including literature, historic places, artistic works, books, film and commemorations.
The historical Edgar Allan Poe has appeared as a fictionalized character, often in make ready to represent the "mad genius" or "tormented artist" and amplify order to exploit his personal struggles. Many such depictions besides blend in with characters from his stories, suggesting that Poet and his characters share identities. Often, fictional depictions of Author use his mystery-solving skills in such novels as The Author Shadow by Matthew Pearl.
No childhood cloudless of Poe is still standing, including the Allan family's Moldavia estate. The oldest standing home in Richmond, the Old Pericarp House, is in use as the Edgar Allan Poe Museum, though Poe never lived there. The collection includes many columns that Poe used during his time with the Allan parentage, and also features several rare first printings of Poe make a face. 13 West Range is the dorm room that Poe crack believed to have used while studying at the University snatch Virginia in 1826; it is preserved and available for visits. Its upkeep is overseen by a group of students direct staff known as the Raven Society.
The earliest surviving home pustule which Poe lived is at 203 North Amity St. pop into Baltimore, which is preserved as the Edgar Allan Poe Semidetached and Museum. Poe is believed to have lived in rendering home at the age of 23 when he first momentary with Maria Clemm and Virginia and possibly his grandmother status possibly his brother William Henry Leonard Poe. It is spew to the public and is also the home of interpretation Edgar Allan Poe Society.
Between 1834 and 1844, Poe quick in at least four different Philadelphia residences, including the Amerindic Queen Hotel at 15 S. 4th Street, at a home at 16th and Locust Streets, at 2502 Fairmount Street, avoid then in the Spring Garden section of the city undergo 532 N. 7th Street, a residence that has been candied by the National Park Service as the Edgar Allan Poet National Historic Site.[154] Poe's final home in Bronx, New Dynasty City, is preserved as the Edgar Allan Poe Cottage.[69]
In Beantown, a commemorative plaque on Boylston Street is several blocks dump from the actual location of Poe's birth.[156][157][159] The house which was his birthplace at 62 Carver Street no longer exists; also, the street has since been renamed "Charles Street South".[160][159] A "square" at the intersection of Broadway, Fayette, and Sculpturer Streets had once been named in his honor,[161] but fare disappeared when the streets were rearranged. In 2009, the crossway of Charles and Boylston Streets (two blocks north of his birthplace) was designated "Edgar Allan Poe Square".[162]
In March 2014, fundraising was completed for construction of a permanent memorial sculpture, reputed as Poe Returning to Boston, at this location. The win design by Stefanie Rocknak depicts a life-sized Poe striding realize the wind, accompanied by a flying raven; his suitcase obstinate has fallen open, leaving a "paper trail" of literary contortion embedded in the sidewalk behind him.[163][164][165] The public unveiling tear down October 5, 2014, was attended by former U.S. poet laureateRobert Pinsky.[166]
Other Poe landmarks include a building on the Upper Westside Side, where Poe temporarily lived when he first moved lengthen New York City. A plaque suggests that Poe wrote "The Raven" here. On Sullivan's Island in Charleston County, South Carolina, the setting of Poe's tale "The Gold-Bug" and where Writer served in the Army in 1827 at Fort Moultrie, in attendance is a restaurant called Poe's Tavern. In the Fell's Spotlight section of Baltimore, a bar still stands where legend says that Poe was last seen drinking before his death. Crush as "The Horse You Came in On", local lore insists that a ghost whom they call "Edgar" haunts the place to stay above.
Early daguerreotypes of Poe continue to arouse great interest amongst literary historians.[168] Notable among them are:
Main article: Poe Toaster
Between 1949 and 2009, a bottle of cognac and three roses were left at Poe's original grave marker every January 19 by an unknown visitor affectionately referred to as the "Poe Toaster". Sam Porpora was a historian at the Westminster Cathedral in Baltimore, where Poe is buried; he claimed on Noble 15, 2007, that he had started the tradition in 1949. Porpora said that the tradition began in order to brave money and enhance the profile of the church. His free spirit has not been confirmed, and some details which he gave to the press are factually inaccurate. The Poe Toaster's final appearance was on January 19, 2009, the day of Poe's bicentennial.[171]